Liquid–liquid chromatography as a promising technology in the separation of food compounds

Liquid–liquid chromatography (LLC) is a preparative separation technique in which both the stationary and mobile phases are liquid. In LLC, immiscible of pre-equilibrated biphasic solvent system used as phases. Centrifugal fields to keep one phase stationary, while other pumped through “column.” The different partitioning compounds present an injected mixture between two results elution at time along column, according their partition coefficients. (Berthod, 2002). LLC operation units generally consist “hydrostatic” centrifugal or “hydrodynamic” countercurrent (Pauli et al., 2008). has many advantages over classic liquid–solid chromatographic methods, that is, lack irreversible adsorption, lower utilization, saving laboratory effort, possibility use crude samples, practically full recovery sample solvents. developed conditions can be easily scaled-up for industrial applications (Bouju 2015). Limitations associated with retention stability liquid during process. Problems may result from injection, properties process (e.g., temperature, rotations). These issues need addressed optimization isolation. Despite low recognition features mentioned above open way broader future. For instance, powerful tool separating complex chemical mixtures, such plant extracts. been employed isolation wide variety natural compounds, example, alkaloids (Leitão 2021), polyphenols (Li 2022), terpenoids (Song 2016), saponins (Wang coumarins (Kozioł 2020; Widelski (Friesen 2015; Luca 2019; Skalicka-Woźniak & Garrard, 2014) (Figure 1). this commentary, we shortly reviewed research works applied food research. Extensive possibilities include potentially beneficial properties, exploring composition supplements pigments, assessing contamination foods mycotoxins, pesticides, pyrrolizidine (PAs). various colorants pigments was explored using LLC. successfully separate impurities (Kabasawa 1991, 1992; Ogura 1994; Oka 1998), well isolate betanins, anthocyanins, β-carotene). Those studies were also vital developing advanced operating methods (Oka purification color products includes, among others, betanins (magenta dye) red beetroots (Spórna-Kucab 2013), anhydrosafflor yellow B pigment (yellow safflower (Huang 2021) β-carotene (orange (Tao 2021). application origin provided higher yields prevented molecules' degradation catalyzed by high-performance (HPLC). Furthermore, food-grade systems up new potential health benefits downstream anthocyanins mixtures. first Renault al. less time- solvent-consuming than previously described procedures, paper chromatography, ion exchange HPLC (Renault 1995, 1997). separations carried out oxygen-free acidic media, preserving thus anthocyanins' bioactivity. addition, grape pomace purified high efficiency scale (Lima All these indicate faster more efficient alternative conventional technologies anthocyanins. technology provide recovery, availability interactions solute, basic conditions, range polarities, consumption maintenance costs (Nunes 2022). As group lipid-soluble unstable structures carotenoids require careful selection method, limiting large-scale preparation. Preserving structure critical issue due numerous biological activities reduction oxidative damage, immunomodulatory activity, prevention cardiovascular, eye, cancer diseases. Thus, applying solid phase-free scale-up techniques like seems perfect solution challenge. Lycium barbarum L. (Solanaceae) fruits (goji berries). method preparation based on its improvements, injection (Gong Phenolic 8000 known structures. They all organs, including vegetables. Therefore, phenolics ingredients human diet (Alara Developing extraction determination impact crucial. isolating polyphenolic flavonoids. A broad have isolated wine, elderberry blood orange juice, blackberries, purple corn, black rice, seeds, pine bark, cinnamon cocoa eggplant (Degenhardt 2001; Fan, Li, Hillebrand 2004; Jeon Phansalkar 2018; Schwarz 2003). profile (together classes compounds) tea coffee extracts (Fan 2022; Si 2006; Stodt Yanagida Yuan 2004). wine rum aged oak barrels Regalado 2011). examine fruits, blackcurrants (He 2009; Mbeunkui 2012), citrus (Rodríguez-Rivera 2014; Zhu apples (Castillo-Fraire Lu 2019), passion fruit (Pan 2020). Recent concerned gallic acid Cornus officinalis (Cornaceae). Purified added starch-based improve quality. improved (loading capacity purity) compared macroporous resin (Tan another study, dihydromyricetin Asian herb Ampelopsis grossedentata (Vitaceae) polyphenol, obtained enhanced purity shorter column processes polyamide resins, proven corn starch quality (Xue promising future role dietary supplement enrichment. Omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic docosahexaenoic acid, essential macronutrients diet. Abundant sources commonly supplements, fish oils (Cleland 2006). However, lipid challenging. Interestingly, very adaptable few capable nonpolar compounds. allowed methyl esters shark liver oil (Bordier Du 1996). latest effectiveness acids. acids innovative water-free consisting guanidinium ionic liquids, yield loading capacity. Applying liquids hastens economical environmentally friendly (Fan, Wen, Li 2019). biomass Nanofrustulum shiloi, species marine diatoms. proposed approach led (Bárcenas-Pérez At point, it important mention groundbreaking W. Vetter group, development specific classes. limitations chosen (Schröder Vetter, 2011; 2017). phytosterols microalgae strains (Hammann alkylresorcinols rye grains (Hammerschick dicarboxylic head tissue Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (Lehnert fungi (Müller 2022) successively achieved. Olive olives (the Olea europaea, Oleaceae) rich squalene, sterols, phenolic tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol oleuropein) (Boskou, repeatedly olive by-products. highly squalene (Xynos secoiridoids (Vougogiannopoulou 2015), oleuropein (Boka others (Angelis Once again, proved traditional isomers decomposition interactions, consumption, speed (Adhami regarded health-beneficial sources, oils, microalgae, oils. implies large industry. play significant fractionating toxins PAs. explore presence pesticides (namely methomyl, fenobucarb, carbaryl pesticides) vegetable samples (Ito mycotoxins foods, Alternaria juice Fusaria B-type fumonisins (Hu 2020) trichothecene Fusarium (Liu 2018). studies, shown advantageous hitherto techniques, anion-exchange octadecylsilyl silica. same applies hepatotoxic cancerogenic PAs foods. recent study presented honey Products contaminated bees foraging PAs-producing plants (Letsyo, This short commentary intended reviewing related aspect. Notwithstanding, could find suitable well-deserved place production control Numerous usefulness necessary processing dyes improving products). summary Table 1. unquestionable position determining future, increased miniaturization throughput instruments.